Trees

Basics

Loading a tree from a file and visualizing it with ascii_art()

>>> from cogent3 import load_tree
>>> tr = load_tree('data/test.tree')
>>> print(tr.ascii_art())
                              /-Human
                    /edge.0--|
          /edge.1--|          \-HowlerMon
         |         |
         |          \-Mouse
-root----|
         |--NineBande
         |
          \-DogFaced

Writing a tree to a file

>>> from cogent3 import load_tree
>>> tr = load_tree('data/test.tree')
>>> tr.write('data/temp.tree')

Getting the individual nodes of a tree by name

>>> from cogent3 import load_tree
>>> tr = load_tree('data/test.tree')
>>> names = tr.get_node_names()
>>> names[:4]
['root', 'edge.1', 'edge.0', 'Human']
>>> names[4:]
['HowlerMon', 'Mouse', 'NineBande', 'DogFaced']
>>> names_nodes = tr.get_nodes_dict()
>>> names_nodes['Human']
Tree("Human;")
>>> tr.get_node_matching_name('Mouse')
Tree("Mouse;")

Getting the name of a node (or a tree)

>>> from cogent3 import load_tree
>>> tr = load_tree('data/test.tree')
>>> hu = tr.get_node_matching_name('Human')
>>> tr.name
'root'
>>> hu.name
'Human'

The object type of a tree and its nodes is the same

>>> from cogent3 import load_tree
>>> tr = load_tree('data/test.tree')
>>> nodes = tr.get_nodes_dict()
>>> hu = nodes['Human']
>>> type(hu)
<class 'cogent3.core.tree.PhyloNode'>
>>> type(tr)
<class 'cogent3.core.tree.PhyloNode'>

Working with the nodes of a tree

Get all the nodes, tips and edges

>>> from cogent3 import load_tree
>>> tr = load_tree('data/test.tree')
>>> nodes = tr.get_nodes_dict()
>>> for n in nodes.items():
...     print(n)  
...
('NineBande', Tree("NineBande;"))
('edge.1', Tree("((Human,HowlerMon),Mouse);"))
('root', Tree("(((Human,HowlerMon),Mouse),NineBande,DogFaced);"))
('DogFaced', Tree("DogFaced;"))
('Human', Tree("Human;"))
('edge.0', Tree("(Human,HowlerMon);"))
('Mouse', Tree("Mouse;"))
('HowlerMon', Tree("HowlerMon;"))

only the terminal nodes (tips)

>>> for n in tr.iter_tips():
...     print(n)
...
Human:0.0311054096183;
HowlerMon:0.0415847131449;
Mouse:0.277353608988;
NineBande:0.0939768158209;
DogFaced:0.113211053859;

for internal nodes (edges) we can use Newick format to simplify the output

>>> from cogent3 import load_tree
>>> tr = load_tree('data/test.tree')
>>> for n in tr.iter_nontips():
...     print(n.get_newick())
...
((Human,HowlerMon),Mouse);
(Human,HowlerMon);

Getting the path between two tips or edges (connecting edges)

>>> from cogent3 import load_tree
>>> tr = load_tree('data/test.tree')
>>> edges = tr.get_connecting_edges('edge.1','Human')
>>> for edge in edges:
...    print(edge.name)
...
edge.1
edge.0
Human

Getting the distance between two nodes

>>> from cogent3 import load_tree
>>> tr = load_tree('data/test.tree')
>>> nodes = tr.get_nodes_dict()
>>> hu = nodes['Human']
>>> mu = nodes['Mouse']
>>> hu.distance(mu)
0.3467553...
>>> hu.is_tip()
True

Getting the last common ancestor (LCA) for two nodes

>>> from cogent3 import load_tree
>>> tr = load_tree('data/test.tree')
>>> nodes = tr.get_nodes_dict()
>>> hu = nodes['Human']
>>> mu = nodes['Mouse']
>>> lca = hu.last_common_ancestor(mu)
>>> lca
Tree("((Human,HowlerMon),Mouse);")
>>> type(lca)
<class 'cogent3.core.tree.PhyloNode'>

Getting all the ancestors for a node

>>> from cogent3 import load_tree
>>> tr = load_tree('data/test.tree')
>>> hu = tr.get_node_matching_name('Human')
>>> for a in hu.ancestors():
...     print(a.name)
...
edge.0
edge.1
root

Getting all the children for a node

>>> from cogent3 import load_tree
>>> tr = load_tree('data/test.tree')
>>> node = tr.get_node_matching_name('edge.1')
>>> children = list(node.iter_tips()) + list(node.iter_nontips())
>>> for child in children:
...     print(child.name)
...
Human
HowlerMon
Mouse
edge.0

Getting all the distances for a tree

>>> from cogent3 import load_tree
>>> tr = load_tree('data/test.tree')
>>> dists = tr.get_distances()

We also show how to select a subset of distances involving just one species.

>>> human_dists = [names for names in dists if 'Human' in names]
>>> for dist in human_dists:
...     print(dist, dists[dist])  
...
('Human', 'NineBande') 0.183106418165
('DogFaced', 'Human') 0.202340656203
('NineBande', 'Human') 0.183106418165
('Human', 'DogFaced') 0.202340656203
('Mouse', 'Human') 0.346755361094
('HowlerMon', 'Human') 0.0726901227632
('Human', 'Mouse') 0.346755361094
('Human', 'HowlerMon') 0.0726901227632

Getting the two nodes that are farthest apart

>>> from cogent3 import load_tree
>>> tr = load_tree('data/test.tree')
>>> tr.max_tip_tip_distance()
(0.4102925130849, ('Mouse', 'DogFaced'))

Get the nodes within a given distance

>>> from cogent3 import load_tree
>>> tr = load_tree('data/test.tree')
>>> hu = tr.get_node_matching_name('Human')
>>> tips = hu.tips_within_distance(0.2)
>>> for t in tips:
...     print(t)
...
HowlerMon:0.0415847131449;
NineBande:0.0939768158209;

Rerooting trees

At a named node

>>> from cogent3 import load_tree
>>> tr = load_tree('data/test.tree')
>>> print(tr.rooted_at('edge.0').ascii_art())
          /-Human
         |
-root----|--HowlerMon
         |
         |          /-Mouse
          \edge.0--|
                   |          /-NineBande
                    \edge.1--|
                              \-DogFaced

At the midpoint

>>> from cogent3 import load_tree
>>> tr = load_tree('data/test.tree')
>>> print(tr.root_at_midpoint().ascii_art())
          /-Mouse
         |
-root----|                    /-Human
         |          /edge.0--|
         |         |          \-HowlerMon
          \edge.0.2|
                   |          /-NineBande
                    \edge.1--|
                              \-DogFaced
>>> print(tr.ascii_art())
                              /-Human
                    /edge.0--|
          /edge.1--|          \-HowlerMon
         |         |
         |          \-------- /-Mouse
-root----|
         |--NineBande
         |
          \-DogFaced

Near a given tip

>>> from cogent3 import load_tree
>>> tr = load_tree('data/test.tree')
>>> print(tr.ascii_art())
                              /-Human
                    /edge.0--|
          /edge.1--|          \-HowlerMon
         |         |
         |          \-Mouse
-root----|
         |--NineBande
         |
          \-DogFaced
>>> print(tr.rooted_with_tip("Mouse").ascii_art())
                    /-Human
          /edge.0--|
         |          \-HowlerMon
         |
-root----|--Mouse
         |
         |          /-NineBande
          \edge.1--|
                    \-DogFaced

Tree representations

Newick format

>>> from cogent3 import load_tree
>>> tr = load_tree('data/test.tree')
>>> tr.get_newick()
'(((Human,HowlerMon),Mouse),NineBande,DogFaced);'
>>> tr.get_newick(with_distances=True)
'(((Human:0.0311054096183,HowlerMon:0.0415847131449)...

XML format

>>> from cogent3 import load_tree
>>> tr = load_tree('data/test.tree')
>>> xml = tr.get_xml()
>>> for line in xml.splitlines():
...    print(line)
...
<?xml version="1.0"?>
<clade>
  <clade>
     <param><name>length</name><value>0.0197278502379</value></param>
    <clade>
       <param><name>length</name><value>0.0382963424874</value></param>
      <clade>
         <name>Human</name>...

Tree traversal

Here is the example tree for reference:

>>> from cogent3 import load_tree
>>> tr = load_tree('data/test.tree')
>>> print(tr.ascii_art())
                              /-Human
                    /edge.0--|
          /edge.1--|          \-HowlerMon
         |         |
         |          \-Mouse
-root----|
         |--NineBande
         |
          \-DogFaced

Preorder

>>> from cogent3 import load_tree
>>> tr = load_tree('data/test.tree')
>>> for t in tr.preorder():
...     print(t.get_newick())
...
(((Human,HowlerMon),Mouse),NineBande,DogFaced);
((Human,HowlerMon),Mouse);
(Human,HowlerMon);
Human;
HowlerMon;
Mouse;
NineBande;
DogFaced;

Postorder

>>> from cogent3 import load_tree
>>> tr = load_tree('data/test.tree')
>>> for t in tr.postorder():
...     print(t.get_newick())
...
Human;
HowlerMon;
(Human,HowlerMon);
Mouse;
((Human,HowlerMon),Mouse);
NineBande;
DogFaced;
(((Human,HowlerMon),Mouse),NineBande,DogFaced);

Selecting subtrees

One way to do it

>>> from cogent3 import load_tree
>>> tr = load_tree('data/test.tree')
>>> for tip in tr.iter_nontips():
...     tip_names = tip.get_tip_names()
...     print(tip_names)
...     sub_tree = tr.get_sub_tree(tip_names)
...     print(sub_tree.ascii_art())
...
['Human', 'HowlerMon', 'Mouse']
          /-Human
         |
-root----|--HowlerMon
         |
          \-Mouse
['Human', 'HowlerMon']
          /-Human
-root----|
          \-HowlerMon

Tree manipulation methods

Pruning the tree

Remove internal nodes with only one child. Create new connections and branch lengths (if tree is a PhyloNode) to reflect the change.

>>> from cogent3 import make_tree
>>> simple_tree_string="(B:0.2,(D:0.4)E:0.5)F;"
>>> simple_tree=make_tree(simple_tree_string)
>>> print(simple_tree.ascii_art())
          /-B
-F-------|
          \E------- /-D
>>> simple_tree.prune()
>>> print(simple_tree.ascii_art())
          /-B
-F-------|
          \-D
>>> print(simple_tree)
(B:0.2,D:0.9)F;

Create a full unrooted copy of the tree

>>> from cogent3 import load_tree
>>> tr1 = load_tree('data/test.tree')
>>> print(tr1.get_newick())
(((Human,HowlerMon),Mouse),NineBande,DogFaced);
>>> tr2 = tr1.unrooted_deepcopy()
>>> print(tr2.get_newick())
(((Human,HowlerMon),Mouse),NineBande,DogFaced);

Transform tree into a bifurcating tree

Add internal nodes so that every node has 2 or fewer children.

>>> from cogent3 import load_tree
>>> tree_string="(B:0.2,H:0.2,(C:0.3,D:0.4,E:0.1)F:0.5)G;"
>>> tr = make_tree(tree_string)
>>> print(tr.ascii_art())
          /-B
         |
         |--H
-G-------|
         |          /-C
         |         |
          \F-------|--D
                   |
                    \-E
>>> print(tr.bifurcating().ascii_art())
          /-B
-G-------|
         |          /-H
          \--------|
                   |          /-C
                    \F-------|
                             |          /-D
                              \--------|
                                        \-E

Transform tree into a balanced tree

Using a balanced tree can substantially improve performance of likelihood calculations. Note that the resulting tree has a different orientation with the effect that specifying clades or stems for model parameterization should be done using the “outgroup_name” argument.

>>> from cogent3 import load_tree
>>> tr = load_tree('data/test.tree')
>>> print(tr.ascii_art())
                              /-Human
                    /edge.0--|
          /edge.1--|          \-HowlerMon
         |         |
         |          \-Mouse
-root----|
         |--NineBande
         |
          \-DogFaced
>>> print(tr.balanced().ascii_art())
                    /-Human
          /edge.0--|
         |          \-HowlerMon
         |
-root----|--Mouse
         |
         |          /-NineBande
          \edge.1--|
                    \-DogFaced

Test two trees for same topology

Branch lengths don’t matter.

>>> from cogent3 import load_tree
>>> tr1 = make_tree("(B:0.2,(C:0.2,D:0.2)F:0.2)G;")
>>> tr2 = make_tree("((C:0.1,D:0.1)F:0.1,B:0.1)G;")
>>> tr1.same_topology(tr2)
True

Calculate each node’s maximum distance to a tip

Sets each node’s “TipDistance” attribute to be the distance from that node to its most distant tip.

>>> from cogent3 import load_tree
>>> tr = make_tree("(B:0.2,(C:0.3,D:0.4)F:0.5)G;")
>>> print(tr.ascii_art())
          /-B
-G-------|
         |          /-C
          \F-------|
                    \-D
>>> tr.set_tip_distances()
>>> for t in tr.preorder():
...     print(t.name, t.TipDistance)
...
G 0.9
B 0
F 0.4
C 0
D 0

Scale branch lengths in place to integers for ascii output

>>> from cogent3 import load_tree
>>> tr = make_tree("(B:0.2,(C:0.3,D:0.4)F:0.5)G;")
>>> print(tr)
(B:0.2,(C:0.3,D:0.4)F:0.5)G;
>>> tr.scale_branch_lengths()
>>> print(tr)
(B:22,(C:33,D:44)F:56)G;

Get tip-to-tip distances

Get a distance matrix between all pairs of tips and a list of the tip nodes.

>>> from cogent3 import load_tree
>>> tr = make_tree("(B:3,(C:2,D:4)F:5)G;")
>>> d,tips = tr.tip_to_tip_distances()
>>> for i,t in enumerate(tips):
...     print(t.name,d[i])
...
B [ 0. 10. 12.]
C [10.  0.  6.]
D [12.  6.  0.]

Compare two trees using tip-to-tip distance matrices

Score ranges from 0 (minimum distance) to 1 (maximum distance). The default is to use Pearson’s correlation, in which case a score of 0 means that the Pearson’s correlation was perfectly good (1), and a score of 1 means that the Pearson’s correlation was perfectly bad (-1).

Note: automatically strips out the names that don’t match.

>>> from cogent3 import load_tree
>>> tr1 = make_tree("(B:2,(C:3,D:4)F:5)G;")
>>> tr2 = make_tree("(C:2,(B:3,D:4)F:5)G;")
>>> tr1.compare_by_tip_distances(tr2)
0.0835...