Complete version of manipulating sequence annotations

Section author: Peter Maxwell, Gavin Huttley

A Sequence with a couple of exons on it.

>>> from cogent3 import DNA
>>> from cogent3.core.annotation import Feature
>>> s = DNA.make_seq("AAGAAGAAGACCCCCAAAAAAAAAATTTTTTTTTTAAAAAAAAAAAAA",
... name="Orig")
>>> exon1 = s.add_annotation(Feature, 'exon', 'fred', [(10,15)])
>>> exon2 = s.add_annotation(Feature, 'exon', 'trev', [(30,40)])

The corresponding sequence can be extracted either with slice notation or by asking the feature to do it, since the feature knows what sequence it belongs to.

>>> s[exon1]
DnaSequence(CCCCC)
>>> exon1.get_slice()
DnaSequence(CCCCC)

Usually the only way to get a Feature object like exon1 is to ask the sequence for it. There is one method for querying annotations by type and optionally by name:

>>> exons = s.get_annotations_matching('exon')
>>> print(exons)
[exon "fred" at [10:15]/48, exon "trev" at [30:40]/48]

If the sequence does not have a matching feature you get back an empty list, and slicing the sequence with that returns a sequence of length 0.

>>> dont_exist = s.get_annotations_matching('dont_exist')
>>> dont_exist
[]
>>> s[dont_exist]
DnaSequence()

To construct a pseudo-feature covering (or excluding) multiple features, use get_region_covering_all:

>>> print(s.get_region_covering_all(exons))
region "exon" at [10:15, 30:40]/48
>>> print(s.get_region_covering_all(exons).get_shadow())
region "not exon" at [0:10, 15:30, 40:48]/48

eg: all the exon sequence:

>>> s.get_region_covering_all(exons).get_slice()
DnaSequence(CCCCCTT... 15)

or with slice notation:

>>> s[exon1, exon2]
DnaSequence(CCCCCTT... 15)

Though .get_region_covering_all also guarantees no overlaps within the result, slicing does not:

>>> print(s.get_region_covering_all(exons+exons))
region "exon" at [10:15, 30:40]/48
>>> s[exon1, exon1, exon1, exon1, exon1]
Traceback (most recent call last):
ValueError: Uninvertable. Overlap: 10 < 15

You can use features, maps, slices or integers, but non-monotonic slices are not allowed:

>>> s[15:20, 5:16]
Traceback (most recent call last):
ValueError: Uninvertable. Overlap: 15 < 16

Features are themselves sliceable:

>>> exon1[0:3].get_slice()
DnaSequence(CCC)

When sequences are concatenated they keep their (non-overlapping) annotations:

>>> c = s[exon1[4:]]+s
>>> print(len(c))
49
>>> for feat in  c.annotations:
...     print(feat)
...
exon "fred" at [-4-, 0:1]/49
exon "fred" at [11:16]/49
exon "trev" at [31:41]/49

Since features know their parents you can’t use a feature from one sequence to slice another:

>>> print(c[exon1])
Traceback (most recent call last):
ValueError: Can't map exon "fred" at [10:15]/48 onto ...

Features are generally attached to the thing they annotate, but in those cases where a free-floating feature is created it can later be attached:

>>> len(s.annotations)
2
>>> region = s.get_region_covering_all(exons)
>>> len(s.annotations)
2
>>> region.attach()
>>> len(s.annotations)
3
>>> region.detach()
>>> len(s.annotations)
2

When dealing with sequences that can be reverse complemented (e.g. DnaSequence) features are not reversed. Features are considered to have strand specific meaning (.e.g CDS, exons) and so stay on their original strands. We create a sequence with a CDS that spans multiple exons, and show that after getting the reverse complement we have exactly the same result from getting the CDS annotation.

>>> plus = DNA.make_seq("AAGGGGAAAACCCCCAAAAAAAAAATTTTTTTTTTAAA",
... name="plus")
>>> plus_cds = plus.add_annotation(Feature, 'CDS', 'gene',
...                           [(2,6),(10,15),(25,35)])
>>> print(plus_cds.get_slice())
GGGGCCCCCTTTTTTTTTT
>>> minus = plus.rc()
>>> minus_cds = minus.get_annotations_matching('CDS')[0]
>>> print(minus_cds.get_slice())
GGGGCCCCCTTTTTTTTTT

Sequence features can be accessed via a containing Alignment:

>>> from cogent3 import make_aligned_seqs
>>> aln = make_aligned_seqs([['x','-AAAAAAAAA'], ['y','TTTT--TTTT']], array_align=False)
>>> print(aln)
>x
-AAAAAAAAA
>y
TTTT--TTTT

>>> exon = aln.get_seq('x').add_annotation(Feature, 'exon', 'fred', [(3,8)])
>>> aln_exons = aln.get_annotations_from_seq('x', 'exon')
>>> aln_exons = aln.get_annotations_from_any_seq('exon')

But these will be returned as alignment features with locations in alignment coordinates.

>>> print(exon)
exon "fred" at [3:8]/9
>>> print(aln_exons[0])
exon "fred" at [4:9]/10
>>> print(aln_exons[0].get_slice())
>x
AAAAA
>y
--TTT

>>> aln_exons[0].attach()
>>> len(aln.annotations)
1

Similarly alignment features can be projected onto the aligned sequences, where they may end up falling across gaps:

>>> exons = aln.get_projected_annotations('y', 'exon')
>>> print(exons)
[exon "fred" at [-2-, 4:7]/8]
>>> print(aln.get_seq('y')[exons[0].map.without_gaps()])
TTT

We copy the annotations from another sequence,

>>> aln = make_aligned_seqs([['x', '-AAAAAAAAA'], ['y', 'TTTT--CCCC']], array_align=False)
>>> s = DNA.make_seq("AAAAAAAAA", name="x")
>>> exon = s.add_annotation(Feature, 'exon', 'fred', [(3,8)])
>>> exon = aln.get_seq('x').copy_annotations(s)
>>> aln_exons = list(aln.get_annotations_from_seq('x', 'exon'))
>>> print(aln_exons)
[exon "fred" at [4:9]/10]

even if the name is different.

>>> exon = aln.get_seq('y').copy_annotations(s)
>>> aln_exons = list(aln.get_annotations_from_seq('y', 'exon'))
>>> print(aln_exons)
[exon "fred" at [3:4, 6:10]/10]
>>> print(aln[aln_exons])
>x
AAAAA
>y
TCCCC

If the feature lies outside the sequence being copied to, you get a lost span

>>> aln = make_aligned_seqs([['x', '-AAAA'], ['y', 'TTTTT']], array_align=False)
>>> seq = DNA.make_seq('CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC', 'x')
>>> exon = seq.add_feature('exon', 'A', [(5,8)])
>>> aln.get_seq('x').copy_annotations(seq)
>>> copied = list(aln.get_annotations_from_seq('x', 'exon'))
>>> copied
[exon "A" at [5:5, -4-]/5]
>>> copied[0].get_slice()
2 x 4 text alignment: x[----], y[----]

You can copy to a sequence with a different name, in a different alignment if the feature lies within the length

>>> aln = make_aligned_seqs([['x', '-AAAAAAAAA'], ['y', 'TTTT--TTTT']], array_align=False)
>>> seq = DNA.make_seq('CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC', 'x')
>>> match_exon = seq.add_feature('exon', 'A', [(5,8)])
>>> aln.get_seq('y').copy_annotations(seq)
>>> copied = list(aln.get_annotations_from_seq('y', 'exon'))
>>> copied
[exon "A" at [7:10]/10]

If the sequence is shorter, again you get a lost span.

>>> aln = make_aligned_seqs([['x', '-AAAAAAAAA'], ['y', 'TTTT--TTTT']], array_align=False)
>>> diff_len_seq = DNA.make_seq('CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC', 'x')
>>> nonmatch = diff_len_seq.add_feature('repeat', 'A', [(12,14)])
>>> aln.get_seq('y').copy_annotations(diff_len_seq)
>>> copied = list(aln.get_annotations_from_seq('y', 'repeat'))
>>> copied
[repeat "A" at [10:10, -6-]/10]

We consider cases where there are terminal gaps.

>>> aln = make_aligned_seqs([['x', '-AAAAAAAAA'], ['y', '------TTTT']], array_align=False)
>>> exon = aln.get_seq('x').add_feature('exon', 'fred', [(3,8)])
>>> aln_exons = list(aln.get_annotations_from_seq('x', 'exon'))
>>> print(aln_exons)
[exon "fred" at [4:9]/10]
>>> print(aln_exons[0].get_slice())
>x
AAAAA
>y
--TTT

>>> aln = make_aligned_seqs([['x', '-AAAAAAAAA'], ['y', 'TTTT--T---']], array_align=False)
>>> exon = aln.get_seq('x').add_feature('exon', 'fred', [(3,8)])
>>> aln_exons = list(aln.get_annotations_from_seq('x', 'exon'))
>>> print(aln_exons[0].get_slice())
>x
AAAAA
>y
--T--

In this case, only those residues included within the feature are covered - note the omission of the T in y opposite the gap in x.

>>> aln = make_aligned_seqs([['x', 'C-CCCAAAAA'], ['y', '-T----TTTT']],
...                      moltype="dna", array_align=False)
>>> print(aln)
>x
C-CCCAAAAA
>y
-T----TTTT

>>> exon = aln.get_seq('x').add_feature('exon', 'ex1', [(0,4)])
>>> print(exon)
exon "ex1" at [0:4]/9
>>> print(exon.get_slice())
CCCC
>>> aln_exons = list(aln.get_annotations_from_seq('x', 'exon'))
>>> print(aln_exons)
[exon "ex1" at [0:1, 2:5]/10]
>>> print(aln_exons[0].get_slice())
>x
CCCC
>y
----

Feature.as_one_span(), is applied to the exon that straddles the gap in x. The result is we preserve that feature.

>>> print(aln_exons[0].as_one_span().get_slice())
>x
C-CCC
>y
-T---

These properties also are consistently replicated with reverse complemented sequences.

>>> aln_rc = aln.rc()
>>> rc_exons = list(aln_rc.get_annotations_from_any_seq('exon'))
>>> print(aln_rc[rc_exons]) # not using as_one_span, so gap removed from x
>x
CCCC
>y
----

>>> print(aln_rc[rc_exons[0].as_one_span()])
>x
C-CCC
>y
-T---

Features can provide their coordinates, useful for custom analyses.

>>> all_exons = aln.get_region_covering_all(aln_exons)
>>> coords = all_exons.get_coordinates()
>>> assert coords == [(0,1),(2,5)]

Annotated regions can be masked (observed sequence characters replaced by another), either through the sequence on which they reside or by projection from the alignment. Note that mask_char must be a valid character for the sequence MolType. Either the features (multiple can be named), or their shadow, can be masked.

We create an alignment with a sequence that has two different annotation types.

>>> aln = make_aligned_seqs([['x', 'C-CCCAAAAAGGGAA'], ['y', '-T----TTTTG-GTT']],
...               array_align=False)
>>> print(aln)
>x
C-CCCAAAAAGGGAA
>y
-T----TTTTG-GTT

>>> exon = aln.get_seq('x').add_feature('exon', 'norwegian', [(0,4)])
>>> print(exon.get_slice())
CCCC
>>> repeat = aln.get_seq('x').add_feature('repeat', 'blue', [(9,12)])
>>> print(repeat.get_slice())
GGG
>>> repeat = aln.get_seq('y').add_feature('repeat', 'frog', [(5,7)])
>>> print(repeat.get_slice())
GG

Each sequence should correctly mask either the single feature, it’s shadow, or the multiple features, or shadow.

>>> print(aln.get_seq('x').with_masked_annotations('exon', mask_char='?'))
????AAAAAGGGAA
>>> print(aln.get_seq('x').with_masked_annotations('exon', mask_char='?',
...                                         shadow=True))
CCCC??????????
>>> print(aln.get_seq('x').with_masked_annotations(['exon', 'repeat'],
...                                           mask_char='?'))
????AAAAA???AA
>>> print(aln.get_seq('x').with_masked_annotations(['exon', 'repeat'],
...                                           mask_char='?', shadow=True))
CCCC?????GGG??
>>> print(aln.get_seq('y').with_masked_annotations('exon', mask_char='?'))
TTTTTGGTT
>>> print(aln.get_seq('y').with_masked_annotations('repeat', mask_char='?'))
TTTTT??TT
>>> print(aln.get_seq('y').with_masked_annotations('repeat', mask_char='?',
...                                          shadow=True))
?????GG??

The same methods can be applied to annotated Alignment’s.

>>> print(aln.with_masked_annotations('exon', mask_char='?'))
>x
?-???AAAAAGGGAA
>y
-T----TTTTG-GTT

>>> print(aln.with_masked_annotations('exon', mask_char='?', shadow=True))
>x
C-CCC??????????
>y
-?----?????-???

>>> print(aln.with_masked_annotations('repeat', mask_char='?'))
>x
C-CCCAAAAA???AA
>y
-T----TTTT?-?TT

>>> print(aln.with_masked_annotations('repeat', mask_char='?', shadow=True))
>x
?-????????GGG??
>y
-?----????G-G??

>>> print(aln.with_masked_annotations(['repeat', 'exon'], mask_char='?'))
>x
?-???AAAAA???AA
>y
-T----TTTT?-?TT

>>> print(aln.with_masked_annotations(['repeat', 'exon'],shadow=True))
>x
C-CCC?????GGG??
>y
-?----????G-G??

It shouldn’t matter whether annotated coordinates are entered separately, or as a series.

>>> data = [['human', 'CGAAACGTTT'], ['mouse', 'CTAAACGTCG']]
>>> as_series = make_aligned_seqs(data, array_align=False)
>>> as_items = make_aligned_seqs(data, array_align=False)

We add annotations to the sequences as a series.

>>> as_series.get_seq('human').add_feature('cpgsite', 'cpg', [(0,2), (5,7)])
cpgsite "cpg" at [0:2, 5:7]/10
>>> as_series.get_seq('mouse').add_feature('cpgsite', 'cpg', [(5,7), (8,10)])
cpgsite "cpg" at [5:7, 8:10]/10

We add the annotations to the sequences one segment at a time.

>>> as_items.get_seq('human').add_feature('cpgsite', 'cpg', [(0,2)])
cpgsite "cpg" at [0:2]/10
>>> as_items.get_seq('human').add_feature('cpgsite', 'cpg', [(5,7)])
cpgsite "cpg" at [5:7]/10
>>> as_items.get_seq('mouse').add_feature('cpgsite', 'cpg', [(5,7)])
cpgsite "cpg" at [5:7]/10
>>> as_items.get_seq('mouse').add_feature('cpgsite', 'cpg', [(8,10)])
cpgsite "cpg" at [8:10]/10

These different constructions should generate the same output.

>>> serial = as_series.with_masked_annotations(['cpgsite'])
>>> print(serial)
>human
??AAA??TTT
>mouse
CTAAA??T??

>>> itemwise = as_items.with_masked_annotations(['cpgsite'])
>>> print(itemwise)
>human
??AAA??TTT
>mouse
CTAAA??T??

Annotations should be correctly masked, whether the sequence has been reverse complemented or not. We use the plus/minus strand CDS containing sequences created above.

>>> print(plus.with_masked_annotations("CDS"))
AA????AAAA?????AAAAAAAAAA??????????AAA
>>> print(minus.with_masked_annotations("CDS"))
TTT??????????TTTTTTTTTT?????TTTT????TT